It is most commonly caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), frequent use of certain pain relievers such as aspirin or other anti-inflammatory medications, or excessive alcohol consumption. Gastritis may develop suddenly (acute) or progress gradually over time (chronic).

In some cases, untreated gastritis can lead to stomach ulcers or increase the risk of stomach cancer. However, for most individuals, gastritis is not serious and improves with appropriate treatment.

Symptoms

Symptoms vary and may be absent in some individuals. When present, they may include:

• Nausea or persistent upset stomach

  
  

• Abdominal bloating or discomfort

  
  

• Upper abdominal pain

  
  

• Vomiting

  
  

• Indigestion

  
  

• A burning or gnawing sensation in the stomach, often between meals or

  at night

  
  

• Hiccups

  
  

• Decreased appetite

  
  

• Vomiting blood or material that looks like coffee grounds

  
  

• Black, tarry stools

Causes

Gastritis can result from irritation or damage to the stomach lining due to:

• Excessive alcohol use

  
  

• Chronic vomiting

  
  

• Physical or emotional stress

  
  

• Long-term use of medications such as aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Other causes include:

• H. pylori infection: A common bacterial infection that can lead to ulcers

  and, in some cases, stomach cancer if left untreated

  
  

• Pernicious anemia: A condition that interferes with vitamin B12 absorption due to loss of protective stomach factors

  
  

• Bile reflux: Backflow of bile from the bile ducts into the stomach

  
  

• Infections: Certain bacterial or viral infections, which can cause severe inflammation and bleeding if untreated

When to See a Doctor

Occasional indigestion is common and often resolves without medical care. Medical evaluation is recommended if symptoms persist for more than one week.

Seek immediate medical attention if you experience:

• Severe or worsening abdominal pain

  
  

• Persistent vomiting or inability to keep food down

  
  

• Lightheadedness or dizziness

  
  

• Symptoms that begin after taking medications such as aspirin or other pain relievers

  
  

• Vomiting blood

  
  

• Black or bloody stools

Diagnosis

A healthcare professional may suspect gastritis based on your symptoms and medical history. Additional testing may be performed to identify the underlying cause, including:

• H. pylori testing: Breath, stool, or blood tests to detect infection

  
  

• Upper endoscopy (EGD): A thin, flexible camera is used to examine the stomach lining and obtain biopsies if needed

  
  

• Blood tests: To evaluate for anemia, H. pylori infection, or pernicious anemia

  
  

• Stool testing: To check for hidden blood

  
  

• Upper GI X-rays (barium swallow): Imaging to assess the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine for ulcers or structural abnormalities

Important Reminder: This information is intended only to provide general guidance. It does not provide definitive medical advice. It is very important that you consult your doctor about your specific condition.

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gastritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20355807.